Cover Image by Oleg Novikov
Guest Editor: Leanne Ogasawara / Design: Kevin Foley (www.kfdesign.jp)
Leanne Ogasawara's blog, www.tangdynastytimes.com/, was the catalyst for this special themed issue of KJ.
In posts that read as dispatches from outposts on a journey of exploration deep into the history of relations between East and West, she reflects on aspects of what a truly global culture might encompass, presenting Tang multiculturalism and Silk Road cosmopolitanism (and much, much more) as reference points for our present times...
Metaphorically, silk speaks of brilliant threads weaving complex interfaces, intricate interplay of elaborate craft processes, subtle aesthetics and the erotic charge of luxury and wealth. In the West, it has since Roman times conjured an exotic, mysterious Orient. Ever pragmatic, China traded silk for the 'heavenly horses' of Central Asia, up to forty bolts of silk for each fleet mount, buying its military equal footing with the nomadic foes that harassed its borders.
In the East, the Road itself is the more powerful metaphor. Every path of personal development, in martial or aesthetic arts, is a Way. In the even bigger picture, the Dao — written with the same character as 'road' — signifies the true nature of the universe.
(From introduction by Ken Rodgers)
CONTENTS:
10,000 Miles Away: Chang'an and Nara
By the year 710, when Japan's imperial capital was moved to Nara (a city modeled on Chang'an, as was the later capital Kyoto), Tang China was booming. The Tang period — the only time when a woman, the fascinating Empress Wu, ruled China — was the most open era in that nation's history, giving rise to a rich multiethnic and multicultural empire, encompassing Turkestan, nine kingdoms around Samarkand and Tashkent, 16 kingdoms in present-day Kashmir, Afghanistan and Iran, Manchuria, and present-day Korea. The Tang era is widely considered to be the zenith in Chinese civilization, superior even to the great Han dynasty, by which time China was already connected by caravan routes to Rome and Persia, and by sea to Japan. Of Bonds, 'the Word' and Trade – Jeff Fuchs
Geographies are given lifeblood by the peoples that inhabit them and it was the peoples that more often than not, defined the ‘success’ (or not) of both the caravans and more importantly, trade itself. Relationships, bonds and that almost forgotten virtue, honor, were crucial along the almost mythical trade routes. Crucial enough for traders to refer to an oft quoted ‘mountain maxim’ and philosophy, when describing voyages: “Cooperate or perish.”
The Road to Oxiana – Leanne Ogasawara
A thousand years before the infamous “Great Game,” the name given to the intense rivalry that existed at the turn of the century between Czarist Russia and Victorian England for supremacy in Central Asia, there was another “Great Game.” This older rivalry occurred between the Chinese, the Arabs, the Tibetans, and the Turkish peoples. The region they were fighting for was the same old stretch of land — one that has somehow remained right smack in the middle of everything for a millenium.
The Great Kashgar Bus Convoy – Bill Porter
After ten hours on the road, all we could think of was a meal and a bed. As we checked into the bus station hotel, the girl at the desk told us the road ahead was still blocked by landslides. The slides, she said, were all on the Pakistan side, and we were still a hundred kilometers short of the border. The girl added that nothing bigger than a bicycle had made it through for the past forty days and that we would have to walk sixty kilometers to get through all the slides. She laughed at the idea of our convoy making it.
Along the Silk Road Today – Pico Iyer
To get to the Desert Rain coffee-house in central Leh, you have to walk off the crowded main street that leads to the mosque and slither through a passageway to a parallel back lane, barely paved, too narrow for more than three people to pass at a time, in the process forever of being completed, so it seems, with the ruins of Leh Palace above it on a hill. The Kashgar Case – Mark Mordue
Some time ago at the Byron Bay Writers Festival I was invited to speak on a travel panel called “Evocative Images from Around the World.” We were asked to describe how we translated exotic images into stories, and what this meant for both the writer and the reader. Did something substantial occur, or was it just armchair travelling?
Observations from the Field: Space and Its Discontents in Kashgar – Isaac Blacksin
Toward the outskirts of Kashgar stands a new city, not yet completed, in which great white sentinels proudly display their right-angled concrete bulk, waiting. Closer to the melon orchards than the city center, these are the new homes — some ten stories high, many twenty — to which a sizable chunk of Kashgar's population, upwards of 13,000 families, will be moved in the months and years ahead.
Over Samarkand –Nicolas Chorier
Digital Bezeklik – Leanne Ogasawara
European explorers who roamed the deserts of Central Asia at the beginning of the 20th century were astonished to uncover dazzling paintings of figures with Persian, Indian, and Chinese features. In addition to Buddhism, the murals reveal some Christian Manichean and Nestorian characteristics. Japanese explorers were equally surprised to recognize the Persian-style flower motifs long associated with 8th-century Japanese temples in Nara. On the Trail of Texts – Isaac Blacksin
There is a cultural of appreciation here in Japan for looking at words, experiencing words as a physical form. One reason for this is the nature of kanji itself; as an ideography, it carries a meaning and a story in its very form, as opposed to a [phonic] alphabet. Of course, there is some Roman art with letters, but the Japanese audience carries the culture in which looking at words, at letters, becomes a significant experience.
Alexander Csoma de Kõrösi, The Grandfather of Modern Day Tibetan Translation – Matteo Pistono
It was on 20 February 1819 that Csoma de Körösi set out afoot to China via Moscow, intending to enter East Turkistan from the north. Count Teleky met Csoma de Körösi on the road that morning and asked him where he was going. Pausing briefly, a truly beatific Csoma de Körösi replied unambiguously, “I am going to Asia in search of our relatives.”
Civilizations Never Clash, Ignorance Does – Hattori Eiji
What we are required to do now is to become truly civilized. A civilized person is the one who “knows oneself, and tries to learn from others”; the one who knows and respects the dif- ference of cultures; the one who seeks the transversal values of humanity found in all these cultures. Peace for mankind in the future should be constructed, not on the logic of power, but on the rediscovery of the spirit of mutual respect, on the very “wisdom” of knowing that “mutual respect” does mean “mutual benefit.” Tibet and Xinjiang: the New Bamboo Curtain – Parag Khanna
Tibet and Xinjiang today set the stage for the rebirth of a multi-ethnic empire in ways that resemble nothing so much as America’s frontier expansion nearly two centuries ago. Chinese think about their mission civilatrice today very much the way American settlers did: They are bringing development and modernity. Asiatic, Buddhist Tibetans and Turkic, Muslim Uyghurs are being lifted out of the third world, whether they like it or not. They are getting roads, telephone lines, hospitals, and jobs.
Beauty and Power on China's Silk Road – Sam Crane
The apsara of Mogao and the soldiers of Xian remind us of the disparate purposes of the Silk Road. Dunhuang is an oasis crossroads. A place where pilgrims stopped and stayed and were drawn to beauty, the spectacular possibilities of color and line and form. Cultures mixed freely and faith blossomed. The road brought people closer to nirvana. Conversely, Qin's soldiers are emblems of power. They stand, now frozen and mute and impotent, as symbols of the maneuver and noise and force of military assault.
Poetry: The Treasures of Dunhuang (1) 2000 Buddhas – Jerome Rothenburg
Gandhara– Leanne Ogasawara
The Japanese are the world's great antiquarians, and they above most people find it impossible to grasp why anyone would want to destroy those priceless statues which towered up against the sandstone cliffs for 1,300 years in what is called one of the world's most beautiful high-altitude valleys.
The Hollow Staff: Western Music and the Silk Road –Paul Rodriguez
The Silk Road would have been full of musicians, musicians living in hope and without plans, musicians from a dozen distinct traditions traveling in the same caravans, meeting around the same fires. What did they say to one another when they met, when they saw the telltale marks on lips and fingers, saw the shrouded awkward bulk, too precious to be parted with, heard a song drift in from out of sight and saw someone else sway a little too eagerly, swing arms and fingers a little too rapidly?
Silk Road Synchronicity – Preston Houser
The ancient pipa itself, a probable precursor to the Japanese biwa, was a four-string instrument, capable of producing twenty distinct notes. Played by virtuoso Ye Xu-ran, the pipa sounds like a banjo in the hands of a sedate Appalachian bodhisattva.
Collaboration in Harmony: An Interview with Miki Minoru – C.B.Liddell and Leanne Ogasawara
For me, the Silk Road is a symbol for East-West relations from recent times till today, as well as a symbol for contemporary North-South issues. In addition to my operas, I think my current life's work has come to be taken up with the production of work which harmoniously brings together the cultural developments of the West and the little-known but fascinating cultural riches of Southeast Asia, together with the musical traditions of East Asia, in order to create something completely new in terms of music.
IN TRANSLATION: Reflections on the Hagoromo Legend – Umewaka Yasunori
In China too, we find variations of the Hagoromo legend in almost every part of the country. While the oldest instance found in Japanese literature is said to be that in the Omi-no-kuni Fudoki (Stories of the Province of Omi) from the eighth century, a similar story is found in Chinese literature in the fourteenth volume of the Sou-shen chi, which was written some 400 years earlier.
Poetry: Pig's Heaven Inn – Arthur Sze Journeys to the Western Realm – Jean Miyake Downey
The cultural influences that permeated early Japan weren't just from China – a diverse culture formed out of multicultural fusion over many millennia itself – but instead came from Silk Road interactions that connected the cultures of East and South Asia, Central Asia, ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle East, and Africa. [Erratum: In the print version of this essay, two quotes, by Basho and Hirayama Ikuo, appear if written by Jean Miyake Downey. We will post a full corrected version online].
Kuchean Dancers and the Sogdian Whirl – Leanne Ogasawara
Japan is, of course, one of the world's great civilizations, but, alas, it was a late bloomer. During Tang times, it was still more or less an illiterate, rather unsophisticated society. Therefore, most Japan scholars acknowledge that Japan must have had a lot of help from “"foreign advisors" during this period. For the most part, the Koreans are credited for the direction of the great surge in artistic and intellectual productivity of the Asuka and Nara periods. There are those, too, who say Iranians had a large (if indirect) part to play...
Behind Glass: Japan's Silk Roads Memorabilia – Iaac Blacksin
The Silk Roads is not just a time or a place, neither an ideology nor an economic system; as a metaphor and a bridge, it is all of these things and more. Accordingly, when it comes time to display Silk Roads artifacts {and manuscripts}, the weighty history of the subject often overwhelms the dim lighting and behind-the-glass isolation of museum presentation. That said, there are quite a few places in Japan that attempt to contextualize the Silk Roads continuum, to contain its materials remnants, allowing for an eager audience to glean something of its importance.
Japan's Birthplace Commemorates its Silk Roads Heritage – Shinno Haruka Marco Polo's India-- Namit Arora
Returning home from China in 1292 CE, Marco Polo arrives on the Coromandel Coast of India in a typical merchant ship with over sixty cabins and up to 300 crewmen. He enters the kingdom of the Tamil Pandyas near modern day Tanjore, where, according to custom, “the king and his barons and everyone else all sit on the earth.” He asks the king why they “do not seat themselves more honorably.” The king replies, “To sit on the earth is honorable enough, because we were made from the earth and to the earth we must return.”
Rawak Stupa – Don Croner
On March 6, 1925, the Roerich Expedition led by mystic painter, occultist, alleged spy, Shambhalist, and all-around intriguer Nicholas Roerich left Darjeeling, India on what would be a three-year journey through Central Asia and Tibet, with stops in Kashmir in India, Xinjiang Province in China, the Russian Altai Mountains in Siberia, Ulaan Baatar and Amarbuyant Khiid in Mongolia, the Tibetan Plateau, and numerous places in between.
Bright Road – Robert Brady
The world is a mind, where there are traces, paths, trails, highways, expressways, leading to futures of mystery our ancestors long ago heard whispers of in dreams... And we here, standing where we are in this world to which the old road has led, do we know where we are, any more than those early travelers?
All the Peonies of Chang'an – Leanne Ogasawara
Re-reading Yasushi Inoue's novel, Tun-Huang, I delight in the fact that the author wrote the entire story without ever having set foot in Western China. At that time (the late 1950s), no Japanese or European scholars were allowed to travel to the area. And yet, Tun-Huang remains to my mind the most vivid account of the Silk Road oasis city ever published.
Reviews
Shadow of the Silk Road, by Colin Thubron— James Dalglish (plus a short interview with the author, July 2008)
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, by Christopher I. Beckwith— Stephen Dodson
Did Marco Polo Go to China?, by Frances Wood; Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World, by John Larner; Invisible Cities, by Italo Calvino— Ken Rodgers
Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century, by Richard C. Foltz— Preston L. Houser
The Silk Road: Art and History, by Jonathon Tucker— Winnie Shiraishi
Ghost Train to the Eastern Star, by Paul Theroux— Rasoul Sorkhabi
ONLINE SPECIAL: Into Dasht-e-Kavir: Notes from the Great Salt Desert, by Steven Tizzard
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